Bushido, The Samurai Code

Bushido, The Samurai Code Bushido was the code of conduct for Japans warrior classes from perhaps as early as the 8th century through modern times. The word bushido comes from the Japanese roots bushi  meaning warrior, and do meaning path or way. Literally, then, it can be translated as the way of the warrior.   Bushido was followed by Japans samurai warriors and their precursors in feudal Japan, as well as much of central  and east Asia. The principles of bushido emphasized honor, courage, skill in the martial arts, and loyalty to a warriors master (daimyo) above all else. It is somewhat similar to the ideas of chivalry that knights followed in feudal Europe. There is just as much folklore that exemplifies bushido- such as the 47  Ronin  of Japanese legend- as there is European folklore about knights.   What is Bushido? A more elaborated list of the virtues encoded in bushido includes frugality, righteousness, courage, benevolence, respect, sincerity, honor, loyalty, and self-control. The specific strictures of bushido varied, however, over time and from place to place within Japan.   Bushido was an ethical system, rather than a religious belief system. In fact, many samurais believed that they were excluded from any reward in the afterlife or in their next lives, according to the rules of Buddhism, because they were trained to fight and kill in this life. Nevertheless, their honor and loyalty had to sustain them, in the face of the knowledge that they would likely end up in the Buddhist version of hell after they died. The ideal samurai warrior was supposed to be immune from the fear of death. Only the fear of dishonor and loyalty to his daimyo motivated the true samurai.  If a samurai felt that he had lost his honor (or was about to lose it) according to the rules of bushido, he could regain his standing by committing a rather painful form of ritual suicide, called seppuku. A public ritual suicide or seppuku.. ivan-96 / Getty Images While European feudal religious codes of conduct forbade suicide, in feudal Japan it was the ultimate act of bravery. A samurai who committed seppuku would not only regain his honor, he would actually gain prestige for his courage in facing death calmly. This became a cultural touchstone in Japan, so much so that women and children of the samurai class were also expected to face death calmly if they were caught up in a battle or siege. Samurai recruits training for the Satsuma Rebellion. Three Lions / Hulton Archive / Getty Images History of Bushido How did this rather extraordinary system arise?  As early as the 8th century, military men were writing books about the use and the perfection of the sword. They also created the ideal of the warrior-poet, who was brave, well-educated, and loyal. In the middle period between the 13th to 16th centuries, Japanese literature celebrated reckless courage, extreme devotion to ones family and to ones lord, and cultivation of the intellect for warriors. Most of the works that dealt with what would later be called bushido concerned the great civil war known as the Genpei War  from 1180 to 1185, which pitted the Minamoto and Taira clans against one another and led to the foundation of the Kamakura Period of shogunate rule. The final phase of the development of bushido was the Tokugawa era, from 1600 to 1868. This was a time of introspection and theoretical development for the samurai warrior class because the country had been basically peaceful for centuries. The samurai practiced martial arts and studied the great war literature of earlier periods, but they had little opportunity to put the theory into practice until the Boshin War  of 1868 to 1869 and the later  Meiji Restoration. As with earlier periods, Tokugawa samurai looked to a previous, bloodier era in Japanese history for inspiration- in this case, more than a century of constant warfare among the daimyo clans. Modern Bushido After the samurai ruling class was abolished in the wake of the Meiji Restoration, Japan created a modern conscript army. One might think that bushido would fade away along with the samurai who had invented it. In fact, Japanese nationalists and war leaders continued to appeal to this cultural ideal throughout the early 20th century and World War II. Echoes of seppuku were strong in the suicide charges that Japanese troops made on various Pacific Islands, as well as in the kamikaze pilots who drove their aircraft into Allied battleships and bombed Hawaii to start off Americas involvement in the war. Today, bushido continues to resonate in modern Japanese culture.  Its stress on courage, self-denial, and loyalty has proved particularly useful for corporations seeking to get the maximum amount of work out of their salarymen.

Proposal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Proposal assignment - Essay Example Additionally, the effectiveness of learning support services is determined by outcome. The outcome resulting from the learning support services offered within the college of business have registered a high outcome of a registered 81.3 percent student retention rate. However, with necessary modifications, the college can further meet its objectives of attaining higher retention rates among graduates, diversify the learning services it offers and produce graduates equipped with necessary skills to face the competition in the outside world. As the associate dean of undergraduate business studies, it is essential that you embrace the fact that the learning support systems offered by the college need to be expanded and diversified. This is to ensure that new areas of student’s needs introduced by modern learning methods are addressed (43). The college of business offers learning supports services that meet the students financial, social and technological needs that in turn affect how learning services are delivered influencing student’s outcome. An analysis of learning support services offered to in -campus students and those offered to distance learning student’s shows major differences. While in campus students have the advantage of enjoying learning support services that address the three key areas of learning, distance learning students tend to benefit from technologically oriented learning support services only. This is a violation of student’s needs since the mode of learning does not change the student’s learning needs. The college of business, university of Houston offers learning support services in terms of tutoring, workshops and guidance and counseling programs. These services are structured to meet the institutional learning goals. Naturally, students can only benefit from these services if they are tailored to meet their specific needs. In-campus students can

Under what circumstances is genocide most likely to occur Can Essay

Under what circumstances is genocide most likely to occur Can recognition of these circumstances help us prevent genocidal acts - Essay Example Likewise, the perpetrator’s definition of the group is necessary for establishing a specific intent. It also distinguishes genocide from other heinous crimes or justified acts such as a pre-emptive strike.3 This definition of genocide is significant because it informs of the broader characteristics of genocide and guides theoretical approaches to recognizing the instances in which genocide is most likely to occur and therefore provides a means by which genocide can be predicted and prevented. This paper provides a critical analysis of these theories and argues that history instructs however, that genocide is largely incapable of qualification and as such it is unpredictable and most likely unpreventable. If history is any indication, genocide typically occurs during war. However, it does not occur during all wars. Therefore differentiating what kind of war or what wars are consistent with the propensity to commit genocide is futile. A. Historical Overview of Genocide Mamdaniâ €™s brief history of genocide distinguishes genocide from the systematic killing of an enemy. In 1994 Rwanda, the military and its supporters orchestrated the mass murder by Rwandan Hutu majority of Rwandan Tutsi minority. Non-conforming Hutus were also killed. The difference is, Hutus were killed as enemies, whereas the Tutsi were killed simply because they were Tutsi.4 Mamdani also suggests that â€Å"the genocidal impulse may be as old as organized power† and while â€Å"the impulse to destroy an enemy is ancient, the technology of genocide is constantly evolving†.5 Looked at in this way, it is difficult to predict genocide. If genocide is an impulse in much the same way as the impulse to kill one’s enemies, genocide like any act of violence is difficult to predict and just as difficult to prevent. History bears this out. Genocide is not specific to any particular location, politics, economy, race, ethnicity or gender. While there are specific themes such as ethnicity there are other themes that are far more subtle such as the influence of outsiders. Moreover, genocide has occurred on virtually every continent. The best explanation is that genocide is a result of â€Å"the conjunction of influences and actions widely present in the world.†6 Nsereko informs that, â€Å"the history of human race abounds with episodes of genocide.†7 Historically, genocide has been for the most part conducted during the course of a war. Evidence of this trend goes back to the Bible. In more recent times, the Nazis committed the holocaust executions during the Second World War. Other genocidal acts in the last century occurred in Turkey, Vietnam, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, Burundi, Iraq, Bosnia Herzegovina and Zaire.8 History also informs that genocide was not prevented by international customary law. Crowe informs that not only is genocide â€Å"as old as history†, but so are norms, standards and laws regulating standards of conduct during conflict.9 In 1943, the Allied Powers adopted a charter establishing the war tribunal for trying the Nazis for their war crimes. Some of the charges included genocide.10 On December 11 1946 the UN’s General Assembly adopted Resolution 96(I) in which genocide was characterized as a crime pursuant to international law. The Resolution also instructed the Economic and Social Council to draft a genocide convention.11 Two years later the UN’

Compare and Contrast the Speakers Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast the Speakers Essay The Road Not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening are both very good poems. I feel The Road Not Taken is one that reminds me of myself. I will tell you how they differ but at the same time are so much alike. In The Road Not Taken he lets us know that he has to make a decision. In order to make that decision he looks as far as he can to see what road he wants to take. He talks about how the path he took may have been the better on for him. It had been the one less traveled on. In Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening he also has a decision to make. He is walking with his horse in the woods. There are no other people around on this snowy night. He stops in the woods to watch them feel up with the snow. Even his horse thinks this is a strange thing that he is doing. It’s cold and dark, plus he knows he has miles to go before he can get any sleep. Now both speakers have a conflict to handle. One has to decide which path he will take while the other has to decide if he will stop in his path. They both are on a path and they both have to get to the end of their path. In The Road Not Taken he makes is decision by taking the path less traveled. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening know he has miles to go in order to sleep so he can’t stop now. As you can see we all have choices to make and paths to travel. There will be things that come in your way that will get you off track, but you have to make sure you get on the path till the end.

Zagreb, Croatia :: essays research papers

SUBJECT: ZAGREB, CROATIA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcome to one of the most beautiful cities in Central Europe, Zagreb! Although located in a country plagued by war, it offers safety, a strong history, and many tourism destinations. It is considered to be â€Å"the focal point of culture and science, and now of commerce and industry as well† in Croatia. HISTORY:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Originally a â€Å"suburb of the ancient Roman town of Andautonia†, the Mongols invaded it in 1242. It became an important city of Croatia and Slovenia, which at the present time were provinces of Hungary, in the later part of the 13th century. In the 19th century, when Croatia was fighting for independence, Zagreb became an integral part of the nationalist movement. It became the capital of the Croatian Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945. When, in 1992, Croatia became and independent state, Zagreb remained as the capital. PLACES OF INTEREST:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zagreb has three major regions. The Upper Town, Gornji grad, is over one thousand years old. It contains most of the city’s museums, galleries and churches. It is also the home of the Presidential Palace, Banski Dvori, and Sabor, the Parliament. The Lower Town, Dolnji grad, mostly developed in the 1900’s, is home to most restaurants, cafes, theatres, parks, shopping, and more importantly the nightlife. Of least interest to tourist would be Novi Zagreb, which hosts many skyscrapers and nothing of major interest .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zagreb is called â€Å"a city of museums as there are more of them per square foot than any other city in the world†. Some of these are the â€Å"Strossmayer Gallery, the Gallery of Modern Art, the Ethnographic Museum, and the Mimara museum which, with almost 4,000 priceless objects, is one of the finest art galleries in Europe.† Other interesting artifacts located in Zagreb are the â€Å"longest piece of writing in ancient Etruscan, and the remains of the Krapina prehistoric man.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main square in the city is Trg Bana Jelacica. Once there all sights are within walking distance. It hosts a number of churches and cathedrals, which are very important to the Roman Catholic religion. Such as the Archbishops’ Palace, which is attached to the beautiful St. Stephen’s Cathedral. Ivan Mestovic, a Croatian famous sculptor, has many works in St. Marks Church, another important sight. Located in Upper Town is the Stone Gate of the 13th century, on it is a painting of the Virgin Mary, which survived the â€Å"great fire of 1731† and also serves as a â€Å"place of pilgrimage†.

History of Nestle Essay

In 1866, Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company set up the first European condensed milk factory in Cham, Switzerland. In 1985, the founder of Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company who is German pharmacist : Henri Nestri. He had save the life of his neighbor’s child by using Farine lectee. Farine lectee product is made by cow’s milk, wheat flour and sugar. Henri Nestle embodied many of the key attitudes and values that form part and parcel of the corporation culture that included pragmatism, flexibility, the willingness to learn, an open mind and respect for other people and culture. In 1905, the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company that own by Americans Charles and George Page, merged with nestle. In 1920s, the economics is in downturn that cause Nestle to suffer a lot, the operations partially streamlined, but the company was able to continue with acquisition of Cailler, Peter, Kohler Swiss Chocolate Company, chocolate became an integral part of nestle business. In that moment, variety product being introduce which included Milo. In 1938, Nescafe coffee was launched by nestle. After two year, Nescafe became an instant success and followed by Nestea. Nestle try to reorganize the organization by introduce new product after economic downturn. In 1939, during the World War II, members of the board and General Management were transferred to US, coordinate Nestle activities in Western Hemisphere, the British Empire and Overseas. The War help Nescafe coffee became a staple beverage of American serviceman in Europe and Asia. In 1945, the end of the world also the beginning of particular dynamic phase of nestle. Many new product are introduce after war end. Maggie product were intro in 1947. In 1948, the instant chocolate, Nesquik was developed in US. In 1974, Nestle became a major shareholder in Loreal, the world leading makers of cosmetic. In 1977, nestle again merge with Alcon Laboratories Inc, a U.S manufacturer of pharmaceutical and ophthalmic products. A boycott against Nestle was initiated by the U.S based organization Infant Formula Action Coalition about the promotion on the infant formula in developing country. The boycott end in 1984 by signing a Statement of Understanding between Nestle and International Nestle Boycott Committee. In 1986, Nespresso story began that enable anyone to create the perfect cup of espresso coffee, just like a skilled barisa. In 1988, the Italian brand Buitoni became a part of Nestle . Buitoni more concern on quality, creativity and tradition. In 1988, Baby Milk Action launched a product to against nestle until today. In 2001, Nestle merged with Ralston Purina Company to form a new pet company, Nestle Purina PetCare Company. In 2002 two more acquisition was made : the merger of U.S Nestle ice cream with Dreyer’s and acquisition of Chef America Inc, a leading frozen food product business. In 2003, the Movenpick Ice cream that own by Nestle had enhance Nestle to became market leader in super premium category. In May 2010, Nestle launched Nestlà © Cocoa Plan with high quality, disease-resistant plantlets to farmers which aim to help farmer rejuvenate their farms and increase productivity. In September 2010, Nestlà © Health Science and the Nestlà © Institute of Health Sciences was create. In March 2011, Nestle became the first infant formula manufacturer to be included in the FTSE4Good Index. Nestle in Malaysia In April 2011, Nestle partnership with Chinese food company, Yinlu, a manufacturer of ready-to-drink peanut milk and canned rice porridge. In November 2011, Nestle partner with the Fair Labor Association. This partnership will help Nestle investigate if children are working in cocoa farms that supply to Nestle factories. Nestle began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessary in 1939. Since 1962, first factory in Petaling Jaya , Nestle Malaysia now manufacture its products in 7 factories and operates from its head office in Mutiara Damansara. Nestle was publicly listed on Bursa Malaysia Berhad on 13 December, 1989. The share price of Nestle is RM 59.420.Now, the Nestle employs more than 5000 people and manufactures as well as markets more than 300 Halal products in Malaysia. Its brand name such has MILO ®, NESCAFÉ ®, MAGGI ®, NESPRAY ® and KIT KAT ® have become trusted household names and enjoyed for generations.

Prohibition, and the development of the sport NASCAR...

Prohibition, and the development of the sport NASCAR NASCAR wasn’t always one of America’s favorite things to watch or a multimillion-dollar sport. It was actually inspired by criminal activity during the twentieth century. How racecars became part of American life goes back to the early days of prohibition and how gangsters avoided the law. During this time temperance organizations wanted to restrict or abolish the consumption of alcoholic beverages. By the early 20th century, women’s groups throughout the country viewed the sale and consumption of liquor was disrupting family life, and destroying marriages. The â€Å"Anti-Saloon League†, established in 1893, led a wave of protests in 1906 against â€Å"saloon† culture. The league had support from†¦show more content†¦to Daytona Beach in 1935 to escape the harsh affects of the Great Depression. He formed the idea that people would enjoy to watch unmodified cars race. He put his plan into a ction and soon he had many race enthusiasts to come watch these dangerous high-speed races. Daytona Beach became known as the place to set land speed records. The beach was filled with racecar fans from across the globe. Fifteen records were set at the beach between 1905 and 1935. In 1936 the course began hosting racing events. Drivers raced a 1.5 to a 2-mile stretch of beach as a straightaway, and beachfront highway A1A as the other. But untrustworthy promoters would leave events with all the money before drivers were paid frequently victimizing drivers. So in 1947, he decided that racing would not grow until a formal sanctioning organization was formed, there were standardized rules, and there was a regular schedule and an organized championship. On December 14, 1947 France began to talk with other influential racers and promoters at the Streamline Hotel at Daytona Beach, Florida that concluded with the formation of NASCAR on February 21, 1948. With the help several other drivers of that time, its points system and rules were written on a bathroom napkin. The sanctioning body hosted their first event at the Daytona Beach on February 15, 1948. Red Byron beat Marshall Teague in the Modified division race. The first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held at CharlotteShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book